Human Cloning Rough Draft - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1163 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Science Essay Level High school Topics: Cloning Essay Did you like this example? A Step In a New Direction Ethicality, research, possibility. When the subject of human cloning is brought up most tend to think of the various sci-fi films involving numerous similar looking individuals with the same exact personality and memories. However, what isnt known is how human cloning can be viewed in a positive light because of its potential within both reproductive cloning that involves the creation of a new and regenerative medicine also known as therapeutic cloning. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Cloning Rough Draft" essay for you Create order It involves cloning certain cells from a human body to be used in various fields of medicine. Human cloning should be funded by the government and given more freedom because of the benefits it can provide to society through enhanced human development, bypass the obstacle of infertility, provide faster physical recovery from serious injury, and possible treatment from serious diseases. One of the possibilities that human cloning revolves around is the safety in the development of humans by ensuring that there are no issues involving genetic defects or possible disorders. Already nearly 7.9 million children are born with a serious birth defect of genetic or partially genetic origin yearly (John Harris). The amount of people currently holding some form of a genetic struggle are extremely high at 350 million. Thus action must be taken currently in order to cut down this staggering number as efficiently as possible.Through human cloning we may be able to unlock provide this immense and achievable potential. This number can be greatly reduced if only we pursue human cloning because of its immense potential. According to the Telegraph, there are currently legal ways of controlling fertility like genetic screening and pre-implanation diagnoses (PGD), that are currently accepted by the public and hold positive effects on the human genome instead of the opposite as some may have feared (John Harris). Therefore for the sake of our future descendents laws should be made and some removed in order to allow future researchers to be given more freedom into the field along with a slightly tight control by the government. Now there is a slight possibility that it may be abused in some ways or even in one slight chance used as a weapon. Therefore, there would constantly be a need for there to be watchful eyes over what goes on in terms of research or tests especially by the government. So that any possible disastrous scenarios can be avoided. Would you allow the chance for an infertile couple to have children? If so then cloning also holds the key for infertile couples to have children. Of course the child will be a genetic copy of the somatic cell donor that they are based from. The overall process isnt at all painful, but rather very simple. It involves the removal of the nucleus of an egg and instead replacing it with the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell(Kathi E. Hanna). Most would argue or ask the question Wouldnt the clone be exactly the same as their donor? the answer is no they are only similar in terms of DNA. The behavior and nature of the person would be entirely different and based on their environment just like any other child. People will also argue that clones of individuals are unethical because they share similar identities, however what about twins? They right now can be viewed as natures version of clones and according to the Telegraph Media Group currently one in 270 births are twins, around 200,00 0 live in the UK alone(John Harris). In terms of technicality clones already walk among us everyday. Human cloning may also hold viable solutions in terms of humans recovering quickly from various injuries through the usage of embryonic stem cells. This form of cloning is also given names such as regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy. A current form of stem cell therapy would be a bone marrow transplant that involves new blood making cells to prepare their body and later involving stem cells in an IV connected to their bloodstream. The stem cells used in this therapy can either originate from a separated umbilical cord after a baby is born or bone marrow from a donor. However, a bit recently approximately three years ago the UWIRE a few South Korean doctors stated that they were successful in being able to clone a human embryo and had even managed to extract stem cells from it in order to use it for future research(Eileen Arnold). Theres been some disagreements regarding their usage due to how they are a fragile form of life because of their possibility of being turned into a human. While it is acknowledged stem cell research provides various benefits that can greatly improve life.The Biotechnology Innovation Organization states that embryonic stem cells can be transformed into any type of cell in the body(Jim Greenwood). This brings about various exciting possibilities of replacing various different damaged tissues and even recreating specific organs required for transplants without having to wait for a donor. Allowing everyone a higher chance of both survival and recovery. Therapeutic cloning can also allow for treatments against diseases with the usage of stem cells. For instance The Guardian recently revealed that scientists have found out that a treatment using stem cells for Parkinsons disease may be suitable for humans just as it was suitable for mice( James Randerson). Furthermore, stem cells are being studied to be used against diseases such as Alzheimers and diabetes. However, it is true that there have been a few situations in which stem cells inserted into the wrong areas have resulted in patients having seizures. In spite of this more research should at least be conducted in order to remove these ailments from affecting any more people. Human cloning should be funded by the government and given more freedom because of the benefits it can provide to society through enhancing and protecting human development from disorders, bypassing the obstacle of infertility with the promises of new families,provide faster physical recovery from grievous injuries, and possible treatments from serious diseases. The future can be a brighter place through the various issues that can be solved and avoided with the immense help it can bring from things ranging from home life to the medical field. WORK CITED Harris, John. We have Nothing to Fear about Cloning Humans. Telegraph.co.uk., 25 Jan. 2018, pp. n/a. SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. Accessed Nov 15, 2018 Arnold, Eileen. Cloning Embryos: Scientific Milestone Or Moral Offense? University Wire, 2015. SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. Accessed Nov 15, 2018 Hanna, Kathi E. Cloning/Embryonic Stem Cells. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Apr. 2006, www.genome.gov/10004765/cloningembryonic-stem-cells/. Accessed Nov 15, 2018 Ning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry. The Presidents Council on Bioethics, U.S Government, July 2002, Accessed Nov 16, 2018 Greenwood, Jim. The Value of Therapeutic Cloning for Patients. BIO, www.bio.org/articles/value-therapeutic-cloning-patients. Randerson, James. Therapeutic Cloning Offers Hope of Treatment for Parkinsons. The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 24 Mar. 2008, www.theguardian.com/science/2008/mar/24/neuroscience.genetics.

Breakthrough Therapy For Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic...

Introduction Breakthrough Therapy Designation is introduced as a new designation with the passage of the FDA Safety and Innovation Act of 2012 (FDASIA) [1]. According to section 902 of the FDASIA, the general criteria according to which this new designation can be applied are (1) serious or life-threatening disease or condition and (2) the drug also demonstrates substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. Once a drug is designated as a Breakthrough Therapy, the FDA and the drug sponsor work closely to determine the most efficient pathway for generating additional evidence about safety and efficacy. As of March 31, 2015, a total of 293 requests for Breakthrough Therapy designation have been submitted, out of which 82 requests are granted [2]. This document outlines the application process for Breakthrough Therapy designation for novel drugs. It then proceeds with outlining the supporting data needed to apply for a Breakthrough Therapy designation for a novel anti-cancer molecule that has evidence of efficacy to treat patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. When to apply for designation request The Breakthrough Therapy designation is granted on the basis of evaluating preliminary clinical evidence obtained from clinical trial data in humans. The data from animal studies or studies conducted in vitro are insufficient to defend this Breakthrough Therapy designation [1] . Therefore, a sponsor usually submits a BreakthroughShow MoreRelatedLeukemia1235 Words   |  5 PagesLeukemia Description: Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. Types of leukemia- acute or chronic: Acute leukemia gets worse very fast and may make you feel sick right away. Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. And Lymphocytic or myelogenous: lymphocytic affects the white blood cells called lymphocytes and myelogenous affects the white blood cells called myelocytes. Sign and symptoms: fever/ night sweats, headaches, bruising/bleedingRead MoreEssay about Leukemia and Its Treatment843 Words   |  4 Pages Leukemia is something that we hear about a lot. I believe that people do not understand exactly what leukemia is and how dangerous it can be, I chose this topic to try to help them understand. In this paper I will explain what leukemia is and what treatments you can choose from to treat the cancer. Leukemia is a type of cancer. Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases that have two or more important things in common. One is that certain cells in the body become abnormal. Another is that theRead MoreReview of Cancer Treatments2177 Words   |  9 Pages and Gleevec. They all have a different tasks and developments that take affects in the body but each remarkable in its own way. INTRODUCTION Cancer in one way or another touches all of us, whether as a patient or through the diagnosis of the people you love around you. Millions of patients who are faced with cancer are depending on oncologists everywhere to cure cancer so others will not suffer like they had to. Optimistically, sooner rather than later this international problem will come toRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Cancer Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pagesare expected to be diagnosed, out of which 589,430 patients are expected to lose their battle against cancer in 2015.3 Currently, cancer is the second most common cause of death in the US after heart diseases, causing the deaths of about 1,620 people per day and is expected to become number one within next few years.4 The significant increase in a number of cancer patients every year has propelled the interest of scientists to hunt for novel therapies to treat cancer. As a result, many new advancesRead MorePediatric Nursing Study Guide -- Covering Communicable Diseases/ Blood Disorders/Childhood Cancers/Integumentary5211 Words   |  21 Pages* Varicella pneumonia (rare in normal children) * Hemorrhagic Varicella (tiny hemorrhages in vesicles and numerous petechiae in skin) * Chronic or transient thrombocytopenia * Nursing Care Management * Maintain standard, airborne and contact precautions until ALL lesions are crusted; for immunized child w mild breakthrough Varicella, isolate until no new lesions are seen. * Keep child in home away from susceptible individuals until vesicles have dried (usually 1 wk

Marriage relationships are increasingly more equal Free Essays

It is true that marriage relationships are becoming increasingly equal, but to an extent. Since the early 1900’s the stereotypical ‘housewife’ role has changed, dramatically. This allowed men to try out, on what would have been seen as ‘Women jobs’ such as childcare, cooking and cleaning, and also women to do some ‘Men jobs’ which were mainly ‘behind the computer’ jobs and more leisure time, women also had a say in purchases and money matters, something which would have not been possible without this experience in change of gender roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage relationships are increasingly more equal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Young and Wilmott were functionalist sociologists who came up with a theory that; ‘Marriage roles are becoming more equal.’ They called this the Symmetrical family, this is when the husband and wife have similar roles and share tasks and work equally. They claimed to have proven this theory by interviewing 1700 or more women and only asking them one question which was â€Å"Did you’re husband contribute to housework at all this week?† Ann Oakley criticised Young Wilmot’s methodology as her personal views were extremely diverse to theirs. She concluded it could vary from a miniscule to a large amount, making it unfair. The people who get interviewed are only allowed to answer ‘Yes Or No’ this makes it really hard to know as no additional details are included such as; when did they do this, how often do they do this and how they contribute to the change in stereotypical gender roles. After Ann Oakley Criticised Young Wilmot’s theory, she made her own theory. She divided her questionnaires into four groups, which consisted of; Housework, Childcare, Decision making and leisure. Ann Oakley states that women are increasingly becoming more equal to their husband, but they are unfortunately still doing 70% of all housework. This portrays that, women are more equal in decision making, work and the outside life but still in their stereotypical gender role at home, with housework and child care. She also states that men only contribute to nice, easy, clean and enjoyable things within the household and childcare; such as playing with the children, purchasing them toys or gifts, sending them to parks, washing one plate once in a whilst and may also cook occasionally. However, they never seem to be cleaning up the house, changing dirty nappies or even cleaning up the children’s sick or mess. These are all unfortunately left for the ‘housewife’ to do. Overall, Ann Oakley has successfully proved that Young and Wilmott are incorrect in their conclusions on ‘marriages becoming more equal within the household,’ because of their imprecise interviewing techniques on collecting data. However, research shows that marriages are increasingly becoming more equal in the household, even though it is increasing slowly. How to cite Marriage relationships are increasingly more equal, Papers

Macroeconomics Supply and Pricing

Questions: 1.Explain the reasons behind Australias surging housing prices.2.Detail macroeconomic solutions the government can undertake to ensure affordable housing for the youngergeneration. Answers: 1. According to the fundamentals of economics, the demand, supply and pricing of any item or services are interlinked with each other. By applying the same economic concept, the reasons behind the surging housing prices in Australia can be explained (Shearer, Coiacetto, Dodson, Taygfeld, 2016). Meanwhile, the increased population in the metropolitan cities and the improved standard of living of the Australian community have been majorly acted as the drivers leading to rising in the price level of land and housing (Roseland, Cureton, Wornell, 2008). Herein, the major factors leading to the event have been shown in the underlying section as follows: Availability of housing loans at a low-interest rate: The financial institutes in Australia have offered housing loans to the social public of Australia at an affordable interest rate. As a result of the consequences, the more Australian public has come to the metropolitan cities for better opportunities. Thus, the demand of the houses has contributed to the surging price level (Steele Gleeson, 2011). Improved standard of living and income level: Currently, foreign direct investments have largely contributed to the improvement of the social living standard. Also, the income status of the Australian has been improved substantially. Hence, the maximum popularity has intended to shift their livelihood in the cities leading to increasing demand for houses (Gurran, Gallent, Chiu, 2016). Therefore, the surging demand for the house has led to increasing in pricing. Compact supply of housing lands: Another important factor leading to surging housing prices is the compact supply. As the supply of land is somewhat constant, the suppliers cannot provide the land according to the demand. In this way, the demand has surpassed the supply of houses fuelling the price hike of houses in Australia. On the basis of economics fundamentals, the demand side impact and supply side impact have been distinctly analysed in the section to identify how the drivers are leading to price hike of housing in Australia. Mainly, the low-interest loans and improved standards of living have led to the rise in demand of housing forcing the price surge to become inevitable. Figure 1: Impact of Change in Demand of House and Land Source: (Evans, 2014) As shown in the above figure 1, due to easy loan affordability and improved income standards of the Australians, the demand curve has been moved to right from D to D1 though the supply remains constant as the straight line S. As a result of the shift in demand has increased the price level of housing to P to P1. Therefore, decisively it can be said that the surge in demand leading to price hike of houses. Figure 2: Impact of Change in Supply of House and Land Source: (Evans, 2014) Now, considering the supply scenario of available housing lands, massive demand of lands has contributed to the shortage of supply as shown in the figure 2. The supply curve is shifted towards left from S1 to S2 showing the shortage in supply. Therefore, the contraction in supply scenario has fuelled the pricing of hoses from the point P1 to P2. In this way, the limited supply of land for the housing complex has led to surge in pricing (Parks Hardie, 2013). 2. Australian economy has evident a surging housing prices that has resulted in a decreasing housing affordability for the younger generation. In other words, the younger generation of Australia demands more housing property in a limited supply market that gradually increases the price of the real estate properties (Habibis, 2013). Hence, it is important for the Australian Government to take necessary steps in order to control price of house and land to ensure affordable housing for the younger generation. There are several macroeconomic reforms that can be made by the Australian Government to control the price of housing properties in the market. The study has been developed to present the macroeconomic reforms that can be implied by the Government of Australia in order to improve the affordability in the housing industry (Habibis, 2013). The study also focuses on explaining the impact of the macroeconomic reforms on the demand and supply of house in the market to know how these ref orms will affect the price and housing affordability among the younger generation. The three primary macroeconomic solutions are discussed herein below: Increase Credit to Acquire Property The first macroeconomic solution that can be undertaken by the Australian government is to increase the credit facilities to acquire property (Lee, 2009). For example, reducing tax on mortgage interest, reduce loan to value ratios and increase debt to income limits. The tax on mortgage interests must be reduced to minimise the cost of paying back the borrowed money. On the other hand, a higher amount of loan can be provided in comparison with the valuation of the house (Kroll, Mller, Haase, Fohrer, 2012). Furthermore, increasing the limit of an individual to take loan can also increase house affordability. In other words, reducing the expenditure to acquire loans and offering low interest loans to the younger generation people will increase the affordability of housing properties in the Australian market (Lee, 2009). First of all, young generation people will have a longer tenure of life and increasing the tenure of loans to around 30 years will reduce the EMI payments for the young generation people. On the other hand, increasing the debt to income limits will raise the amount of loan that can be taken from the market. Hence, lowering the interest rate and increase in the supply of money will boost the purchasing power of the younger generation in the Australian market. The Government of Australia must make necessary changes in the credit policy of the banks to increase the ability of the younger generation to acquire a property. Reduce Taxation on Capital Gains The taxation on capital gains acts as an add-on over the total price of the property. For example, a person purchasing a house or land needs to pay extra tax over the discounted value of the property. Hence, it increases the pressure over the young generation people to purchase a house or land because of the increase cost of acquiring a property (Mills, 2007). Hence, the government of Australia must reduce the taxation on capital gains to reduce the ultimate cost of acquiring a land or house (Lawrence, 2009). Now, using the demand law, it can be seen that the fall in the price will increase the quantity demand for the real estate properties. An explanation is provided in details using a graph herein below: Figure: Impact of reduction in taxation on capital gains Source: (Yates, 2007) It can be seen from the above graph that the final price or cost of acquiring a house reduces from P to P1. In this case, the demand curve remains at its place at D. Hence, the result of fall in the price is the increase in the quantity demanded for the housing properties. Hence, it can be seen that the reduction in the taxation on capital gains will gradually increase the quantity demanded for housing among the younger generation (Yates, 2007). But, it is important to keep in mind that the demand for house and land is inelastic in nature. Hence, the shift in the quantity demanded is quite less as compared to the change in the price. Therefore, it can be seen that this macroeconomic policy will be effective by a minimum level. Incentives to Increase Supply Another effective macroeconomic solution that can be used by the Australian government is to provide incentives to increase supply in the housing industry (Lee, 2009). For example, allowing more units of house in a particular land, building government housing and subsidising public transport to increase the supply of house and land in the market. Reducing the area of house by building more units of houses in a small land can increase the supply in the housing market (Mills, 2007). Furthermore, building government housing also leads to increase in the supply. Furthermore, subsidising and developing public transport in outskirt areas will reduce the cost of building a house that will further reduce the price. Hence, these policies can be used to increase the supply of house that reduces the price and results in increase in the quantity demanded (Lawrence, 2009). Hence, an increase in the housing affordability can be evident from the graph presented below: Figure: Impact of increase in Supply on Housing affordability Source: (Umeda, 2012) The increase in the supply will result in shift of the supply curve from initial supply to new supply in the long run. Hence, it will further result in the fall of price from P to P that will increase the quantity demanded from Q to Q in the market (Wulff Maher, 2008). Therefore, incentives to increase supply can be used by the Australian Government to ensure housing affordability among the younger generation. Hence, it can be seen from the above analysis that different macroeconomic solutions can be used by the Australian Government to ensure affordable housing for the younger generation. Providing lower interest loans, increase loan affordability, reducing taxation on capital gains and incentives to increase supply can be used together to see a better affordability in the housing industry in Australia for the younger generation. References Evans, A. (2014).Economics, real estate, and the supply of land. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Gurran, N., Gallent, N., Chiu, R. (2016).Politics, Planning and Housing Supply in Australia, England and Hong Kong. London: Taylor and Francis. Habibis, D. (2013). Australian Housing Policy, Misrecognition and Indigenous Population Mobility.Housing Studies,28(5), 764-781. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2013.759545 Kroll, F., Mller, F., Haase, D., Fohrer, N. (2012). Ruralurban gradient analysis of ecosystem services supply and demand dynamics.Land Use Policy,29(3), 521-535. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.07.008 Lawrence, R. (2009). User Evaluation of Medium Density Housing: An Australian Case Study.Housing And Society,6(3), 191-205. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08882746.1979.11429839 Lee, H. (2009). The impact of climate change on global food supply and demand, food prices, and land use.Paddy And Water Environment,7(4), 321-331. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-009-0181-y Mills, D. (2007). Sustainable housing.Australian Planner,44(3), 8-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2007.9982579 Parks, P. Hardie, I. (2013).The Economics of land use. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. Roseland, M., Cureton, M., Wornell, H. (2008).Toward sustainable communities. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. Shearer, H., Coiacetto, E., Dodson, J., Taygfeld, P. (2016). How the structure of the Australian housing development industry influences climate change adaptation.Housing Studies,31(7), 809-828. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2016.1150430 Steele, W. Gleeson, B. (2011). The Great Risk Shift: The Securitisation of Australian Housing.Housing Studies,26(2), 281-295. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2011.542088 Umeda, Y. (2012).Design for innovative value towards a sustainable society. Dordrecht: Springer. Wulff, M. Maher, C. (2008). Long-term Renters in the Australian Housing Market.Housing Studies,13(1), 83-98. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673039883506 Yates, J. (2007). Changing directions in Australian housing policies: The end of muddling through?.Housing Studies,12(2), 265-277. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673039708720895