Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans Essay Essay Example

Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans Essay Paper In â€Å"Blaxicans† and Other Reinvented Americans. † Richard Rodriguez points out that America has become a topographic point that is to the full populated by immigrants from around the universe. He asserts that there is no manner to delegate race names to citizens because everyone can be multiple races. Harmonizing to Rodriguez. Americans create labels ( e. g. Hispanic ) in a pathetic effort to sort people in the simplest signifier ; a program doomed to neglect. Rodriguez continues by depicting his thought of â€Å"ethnicity. † which is finally based on the manner people act and the things they value. The article describes the manner in which all races are intertwined within the state. and within the universe. The thought of â€Å"diversity† is besides mentioned in the article when discoursing the subject of interracial matrimonies. Rodriguez goes on to depict the false â€Å"Hispanic† class much of this state has fallen into. Ultimately. Rodriguez explains that â€Å"Hispanic† is a term used merely in America for colonisation intents. Hispanic is a false thought because upon traveling to Latin America. one would meet black Hispanics. white Hispanics. etc. and that is factual. We will write a custom essay sample on Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By 2003. Hispanics became the largest minority in the universe ( whatever that means ) . Rodriguez goes on to portion his positions on assimilation: â€Å"ASSIMILATION HAPPENS. † Assimilation is the act of people of different backgrounds sing themselves as a portion of a larger national household. This article acknowledges the huge array of racial possibilities within the universe. Rodriguez ends the article by stating he. a adult male of Mexican descent. is Chinese because he enjoys Chinese civilization. and that is how ethnicity should be decided. Vocabulary * incomprehensibly: adv: ineloquently ( aimlessly. franticly. confusedly ) * mythic: adj: pretend ( storied. fanciful. folkloric ) * rind: N: covering ( epicarp. hull. chaff ) * aforementioned: adj: old ; come before ( case in point. former. prior ) * demythologizing: V: re-explain a topic or text * mulatto: N: a individual of assorted white and black lineage Rhetorical Strategies * Anecdote: â€Å"On his interview show. Bill Moyers one time asked me how I thought of myself. As an American? Or Latino? I answered that I am Chinese. and that is because I live in a Chinese metropolis and because I want to be Chinese. † ( paragraph 19 ) * Paradox: â€Å"I come to you as Chinese. Unless you understand that I am Chinese. so you have non understood anything I have said. † ( paragraph 25 ) * Imagination: â€Å"My oculus has taken on that pallet. has come to prefer lime green and rose reds and all the innovations o this Chinese Mediterranean. † ( paragraph 19 ) .

Free Essays on Analysis Of 10 Childrens Plays

(Long Play) Title of the play: Goldilocks and the Three Bears Author’s name: Jan Brett Number of Acts: 4 Analysis of major characters: Main Character: Goldilocks Age: Young child Profession or Trade: None Desires And Goals: Goldilocks desires to go for a walk in the woods, she then desires to make herself at home in a cottage she stumbles upon that happens to belong to the three bears. Likes and Dislikes: I like the way that Goldilocks is very outgoing and curious about the three bears cottage in the woods. I also like that everything that Goldilocks does is very innocent, she is a great character for children to portray, and easy for children to relate to as well. I dislike the way that Pappa Bear is portrayed. He is portrayed as a sexist man that is in control of the family, which is not common in the modern world now. The woman and the man are very much equal today. Relationship with other characters: Goldilocks is not very well like by the three bears. The bears are alarmed to find a young girl who has ate their porridge, and slept in their beds. The bears feel as though they have been violated in some ways. Goldilocks is very innocent in her wrongdoing. She feels as though she had every right to stop at the bear’s house to get something to eat and rest for a bit. Synopsis of the plot: The three bears decide to go for a walk in the woods while their porridge cools down. Goldilocks, a young girl heads out for a walk in the woods as well, when she stumbles on a cottage in the woods. Goldilocks being a curious young girl, decides to go in the house and check it out. Goldilocks ends up eating some porridge, which belongs to the three bears that live in the house. Soon after, she decides to take a little nap. When the three bears return home from a family walk in the woods, they find Goldilocks asleep in baby bears bed. Goldilocks then dashes out of the house and runs back through ... Free Essays on Analysis Of 10 Children's Plays Free Essays on Analysis Of 10 Children's Plays (Long Play) Title of the play: Goldilocks and the Three Bears Author’s name: Jan Brett Number of Acts: 4 Analysis of major characters: Main Character: Goldilocks Age: Young child Profession or Trade: None Desires And Goals: Goldilocks desires to go for a walk in the woods, she then desires to make herself at home in a cottage she stumbles upon that happens to belong to the three bears. Likes and Dislikes: I like the way that Goldilocks is very outgoing and curious about the three bears cottage in the woods. I also like that everything that Goldilocks does is very innocent, she is a great character for children to portray, and easy for children to relate to as well. I dislike the way that Pappa Bear is portrayed. He is portrayed as a sexist man that is in control of the family, which is not common in the modern world now. The woman and the man are very much equal today. Relationship with other characters: Goldilocks is not very well like by the three bears. The bears are alarmed to find a young girl who has ate their porridge, and slept in their beds. The bears feel as though they have been violated in some ways. Goldilocks is very innocent in her wrongdoing. She feels as though she had every right to stop at the bear’s house to get something to eat and rest for a bit. Synopsis of the plot: The three bears decide to go for a walk in the woods while their porridge cools down. Goldilocks, a young girl heads out for a walk in the woods as well, when she stumbles on a cottage in the woods. Goldilocks being a curious young girl, decides to go in the house and check it out. Goldilocks ends up eating some porridge, which belongs to the three bears that live in the house. Soon after, she decides to take a little nap. When the three bears return home from a family walk in the woods, they find Goldilocks asleep in baby bears bed. Goldilocks then dashes out of the house and runs back through ...

Corporate social responsibility reporting Essay

Corporate social responsibility reporting - Essay Example CSER also commonly plays a central role in presenting a good picture of corporate accountability. For a long time now, CSER has been used as the best tool to encourage corporate strategies, policies and management decisions aimed at minimization of adverse environmental impacts of companies’ operations (UNEP, 1998). Since the development of the practices of corporate social environmental reporting in the early 1990s, the reporting has largely been accomplished through communications or disclosures within annual company reports. The disclosure provides information about the environmental (social) policies and practices and the impacts of the reporting company to the environment in which it operates. According to Deegan (2007), corporate social and environmental reporting has developed and become widespread over the past three decades, with these developments the disclosures by some companies have become more extensive to communicate and thus companies often publish the disclosu res in a separate social and environmental report. Corporate social and environmental reporting has grown particularly because of two main factors. Both factors are borne out of the fact that businesses and companies operate within the physical environment and space that is owned by society. First, Companies produce CSER reports to enhance their corporate image as a marketing tool. The second factor that influences the growth of CSER reporting is the increasing legal requirement by governments across the world for such disclosures to be made for the good of the environment (Yip et al., 2011). This paper examines whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports provide shareholders and stakeholders with useful information on corporate social and environmental performance or are they merely a public relations tool to benefit the Companies. Evolution of Corporate Social Environmental Reporting (CSER) It is estimated that reporting on social and environmental issues has been done b y Companies ever since financial reporting started. This is largely because environmental reporting has been required to meet regulatory obligations (Sutantoputra, 2009). Social and environmental issues, including material costs of regulatory compliance and probable losses due to litigation were disclosed since the early years of corporate annual reports for purposes of financial accountability. However, in the past three decades, there has been a significant increase in the public demand for social and environmental information from Companies. This has largely been driven by increasing public awareness, pressure from stakeholders, and social concern on environmental disasters and fair labor practices (Rahman et al., 2005). Although the demand for corporate social and environmental reporting has greatly increased in the past three decades, it is evident that public concerns about environmental issues related to production started as far back as the mid 1960s (Yip et al., 2011). At t hat time, claims that technological advances and rapid depletion of resources were adversely affecting the environment led to calls for increased accountability from the corporate community. It is at this time that activist groups and Non-Governmental Organizations such as Greenpeace came up to help in the public push towards more accountability by companies. In the early 1970s, companies began implementing social and environmental goals and making public their findings, CSR became introduced about this time. The two decades between 1970 and 1990 served as the first

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Capital Punishment - Essay Example One of the biggest flaws that can be found in the way that the survey was conducted is the fact that opinions were reached based on what a person was, as opposed to what they actually felt and believed in regards to the capital punishment. Religious and political preferences were looked at during the statistical portion of the research, though those bits of information can hardly scrape the surface of what people think. It was assumed that due to these standings, specific beliefs were automatically held. The survey was more focused on groups, organizations, and cultural beliefs, than those of individuals were. What was good about the survey was that it did consider varying groups of people and did not limit itself to just one specific section. However, what were not made clear were the reasons that these people had for being for or against capital punishment. Very little was spoken of the methodology actually involved in capital punishment, so it was unclear about what citizens were agreeing or disagreeing to, and why. Whether capital punishment is a good path to take with criminals or not is entirely up to individuals, including those that have the power to do something about keeping capital punishment around or ridding of it entirely. It has already been stated that it is considered unconstitutional, yet very little seems to be done about defending or agreeing with that given claim. It should also be considered that, in further studies, individual opinion be noted, and not just what is based on the religious or political reference.

How Does Mood Affect the Performance of Singers Research Paper

How Does Mood Affect the Performance of Singers - Research Paper Example The amazing process of how the brain controls the capabilities of humans to express themselves shall be examined herein as well as a solution to the best possible ideas and results that the researcher could garner from the procedures taken into consideration within this piece of work.Music is an undeniably fine type of art that has captured the hearts of human individuals around the globe. Ever since the human generation began, the existence of music as a primary source of expression has given a chance for the many human generations passing history to preserve the right kind of mark that they would want to leave as legacies of their civilization. From the different developments of the said entity of the human society, there is one particular contributory element that makes all these things possible, the human voice.Voice is noted as the primary sound that comes out of a person’s mouth as demanded and commanded by the brain. Through this particular element, the thinking of any individual is expressed to others. IT is also the voice of humans that makes the existence of music creation possible. From this particular indication, it could then be identified that as one person sings, there are several procedures being involved before the actual sound of the song comes out of any body’s mouth as a form of music that sends messages to the ears and towards the brains of everyone else hearing it.If the expression of one’s thinking through the utilization of the human voice is controlled by the brain, how is the performance of singers actually affected by the emotions that they feel every now and then? Considerably, this is one of the main issues that shall be handled within the context of this research. From this question, it could be expected that the study would revolve on the capability of the brain to control the emotional display of failure, anger, distress, happiness, excitement and so on and so forth as seen through the skills and the voices o f singing performers.

The Dynamic Hotel And Hospitality Industry

The Dynamic Hotel And Hospitality Industry Hotel and hospitality industry is dynamic industry which changes fast with times. All the industry stake holders and business people have to be sharper and well prepared to keep them with the pace of changing environment. It is one of major industry on its outreach all over the world. In hospitality sectors decision makers have to go with proper tools to make their decisions. One of the most effective a popular business tool for industry analysis is porter five forces analysis. It was coined by Michael Porter. In this assignment we are going to study the brief history background, methods and its utilization in hotel industry. We will try to find what porter five forces are and how to use them for better understanding and analysis of happenings in hotel industry. Back Ground of Hotel industry The hotel industry consists of profitable business where people can stay in their time of need either for some work of for some holiday. During the 1920s this industry got a major increase and demand. Growth in world economy supported this industry to grow fast. Though the depression in 1930es slightly brought break to its expansion. Many hotels survived in this time of major crash as they were successful in starting hotel chains. In mid twentieth century these industries start for a new change when demand for affordable cheap and healthy lodging was increased. This introduced new trend of motels business in the market. This new motels business competed better way with hotels till1960s, up to this these motels had a growth period with their size and facilities. To cover the business gap hotel industry made innovation of motor hotels. Stay at motor hotels was bit costly and it did not attract the business. By year 1970 hotel s start chains and they expand through franchises and thus industry was over extended. In 80s hotel industry made a boom once again by controlling their costs. Furthermore there was concept of new lodging ways like suite hotel. All the major runners in business started a diverse way to make more progress. 1990s was new era with better focus on commercial ways and advertisement. In recent years this industry taken new measures like reduction in wages, debt control, low interest rate financial investments and low rate area for installations of new venues. There are some major players like Hilton Hotels Corp., Marriott International, Trump Hotels Casino Resort, Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide, Promus Hotel Corp, Host Marriott Corp, Red Roof Inns, Inc. and MGM Grand Inc., These hotels performing well and making me than 30 billion dollar in industry alone in USA. Background of porter five forces There is always an interest by the academics and researchers in knowing the forces which impact performance of an organization or business. Many ideas and new models appeared in late 1970es and early 1980s these were focusing mostly on competitive advantage that any business can have over its rivals in same industry. Harvard professor Michael Porter came with his idea of five forces analysis that according to him are always faced by any industry while doing business these are internal and external forces. Businesses have to get the understanding all dynamics in the market. Porter (1980) himself defined these forces that make competition and lead to competitive environment for a business. There is always rivalry existing between firms and also there is constant threat of new rivals in the market. Similarly suppliers and buyers also have impact. Porters Model makes outline of five important elements shaping any industry. Features of Porter five forces Porters five forces model simply identifies five factors that are most important and the formation of industry in order to identify it attractive for new entrants, or as a means to formulate a strategy for competitors in the industry. There is continuing interest in the study of the forces that affect the organization, especially those that can be harnessed to provide a competitive advantage. There were many ideas and models that have emerged during the period from 1979 to the mid-1980s (Porter, 1998) on the idea that competitive advantage comes from the ability to get a return on investment that was better than the average for the industry sector. It also tells that five forces analysis sees the factors outside any industry that affect the nature of competition in business within the industry. These things affect on profits of any business. If we go into the definition made by Porter (1980a) it says about forces which affect directly on competition, and it also considers that this competitive environment is created due to interaction between various forces. Main Aspects of Porterà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Five Forces Analysis As suggested by Porter forces which can affect the performance and behavior in any industry. These are included following forces : Competition between sellers in market. the customers power in the market. Suppliers power in dealing on to the sellers. Threat of new entries. Threat of any substitute for buyers . Force one: Rivalry among Sellers It is intense competition to control the market and get more customers among the sellers. They use every tool to attract customers to them. It is main power in the industry where everyone facing tough competition. It is likely high in many of those industries in which a threat of new alternative products and is constant. Force Two : The Threat of New Entry It is not only about current rivals but there is threat of new entries always with the business. Both present and potential competitors can impact industry profitability. There is always discouragement of such new entries by all business people. Force Three : The Threat of Substitutes The is another threat pose by new substitute products within industry as the profitability always depends margins in price so it can make negative impact on performance. This always costs industries to make enough resources for their research and development department. Force four : Buyer Power Buyer try to get maximum from their investment or money it is important that buyerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s size values more in profit gains. Higher the buyers higher the profits are even with less margins. Normally this force very high especially with globalization of business. Force Five : Supplier Power Supply plays life line for any business so many times power supply makes your business into problems as they affect your sales. Because supply is necessary to sales without it one cannot make progress. So in industry there is always competition for getting low rates and proper supply according to demand. Where suppliers find they have chance or bargain they start utilizing it. Nature of industry determined the nature of any competition in all industries. The powerful forces of all the buyers, suppliers, threats of entry and substitution and increase in competition can make negative impact on business. Porter five also have limits in its use. So it depend show it is being used by any of user. With a smaller number of properties being built and a strong economy, and the industry enjoys steady increases in demand that exceeded the increase in supply over the past five years. And cause an increase in the demand for occupancy and average daily room rates to increase also According to the hotels and hostels Association of America, 30 percent of the clients industry and business travelers and 25 percent of the tourists. Business conferences, representing 25 percent of customers in the industry, while 20 percent of the customers is to stay for a family or personal reasons10. Dominant Economic Characteristics Trends within the Industry It was the hotel industry enjoyed strong conditions during most of the 90 s but is now facing a slowdown due to industry over capacity and the weakness in demand1. The decline in occupancy rates of about 65% in the past few years to 64.5% in 19 972. The hotel industry is going through a boom of mergers and acquisitions. Its cheaper than buying the building. Management is now focusing more on value, and brand development and management experience rather than the number of rooms, using the franchise and property management1. Are the restoration of the oldest hotels are being added and upgraded features added such as voice mail, laptop hookups and computer centers of the rooms. Is now the hottest category extended stay category, which serves people stay five nights or more. Room to provide accommodation and amenities such as kitchens and laundries. General Economic Conditions affecting the industry Transport and fuel costs to play a major role in determining the ability of consumers to travel. Ticket and fuel prices, as well as other complications such as recent industry pilot curb demand for housing. The political climate and economic conditions within and outside the United States play a role in driving demand for housing as well. Porter 5-Forces Model In general, competition in the housing industry is in itself a powerful factor of control. Government regulations, suppliers and agents representing moderate, and new entrants, buyers, substitute products are the most determining factors in the industry. Model Porter 5 Forces attached to provide further details on the factors that affect the strategic decisions of firms in the industry. In business and hospitality, and technology should focus the rest of the way in which services are produced and delivered. It would be incorrect, however, to assume that the manufacturing techniques do not apply to the hospitality industry. Consider, for example, the impact of computer technology to hotels or airlines distribution. Certainly, a similar revolution and the Sabre GDS reservation systems even before the Internet industry flourished. (12) global distribution systems are still active, while the Internet has fundamentally changed the way many people make hotel reservations, airlines and car rental. Technology has made the current, much less expensive to implement a wide range of procedures for obtaining services. Instead of using a card file (as in the previous day), and can maintain the features of hotel clients on your computer. Ritz-Canton, for example, tracks the tastes and preferences of regular visitors. Ritz-Carlton properties to use their database as guest of a good feature by arranging to express check-in regular guests, who need only to call and say when you plan to access. Everything is ready when you push up to the curb. (13) and technology to track this type of information were not accessible until a few years ago and the size of the market to make the manual operation is not applicable. Companies can also use the hotel technology to extract the data, and for intensive research and compile information in databases, as shown in the accompanying article in this issue than a quarter of Cornell. (14) In another example, he drew attention to the Wingate bars for the fi rst time as a series a few years ago by installing the fonts that ections high-speed Internet in every room. This helped Wingate differentiation strategy to expand rapidly by appealing to business travelers and value-conscious World Health Organization, at the time, was known to sponsor this well-established processes and Hampton and Courtyard. (15) Political and Legal Trends and Influences Evaluation of policy and regulatory environment is vital to planning for the future, as evidenced by the implications of the lifting of restrictions on airlines in the United States (and other carriers). Although the restaurants and hotels did not have to face as the overwhelming change in the competitive environments of the airlines did after the lifting of restrictions and procedures, the government still does not resonate with these industries. And caused the 1991 war in the Persian Gulf sudden austerity in travel, which left many of the hotels are empty until the war led by the United States ended a brief and travelers ventured out again. Also, some government leaders are more protectionist than others, which have a direct impact on such things as tariffs and foreign trade. In general, its a good idea to follow up the situation of political leaders with regard to business factors, as well as any signal with respect to their positions on certain industries. With regard to foreign investment, it is important to assess the stability of the system of government, as well as Attitude towards foreign investors. Major Innovations and Trends in Other Industries The final category, you must also follow the main trends and innovations in other industries than those that you are working at the moment. Competitive advantage rarely comes from the tradition of innovation from other companies in the same industry. Following the example of the initial selection of hotels and most hotels currently operating a range of brands, each one usually used different, but related, the brand name. Although the work in the hotel several levels is still an idea worth pursuing, at this point than it is to create a competitive advantage to match the competition. On the other hand, a company that is the first to successfully apply the heresy of other industry usually have first-mover advantage that is sometimes difficult to pressure competitors to mimic. While it is true that can be easily most of the hotels, industry and innovations can be copied, and examples of the ideas that emerged directly from the innovations and trends in other industries include hotels loc ations in large shopping centers, locate and described staurants re fast food in the shops the gas station, offering video screens personal Each seat of the plane, and identify business service centers within the hotels. After the completion of an analysis of the environment and wide, it is necessary to study the work environment. Environment and broad context in which the company, industry, and other external stakeholders are present. In contrast, the task environment includes external stakeholders with the organization interact on a regular basis to some extent, especially customers. External Stakeholders Michael Porter proposed that can be defined on the nature of competition in the industry by the market power of customers and suppliers, and the level of competition among companies, the strength of alternatives and barriers to entry. (16) despite the fact that these five forces socalled model stood the test of time, and boundaries of the process is also unclear. For example, despite the fact that Porters five forces approach helps to identify the competition by customers, suppliers, competitors, and alternatives to, barriers to entry, and it does not include an assessment of stakeholders other significant impact on industry and company performance, such as unions, financial institutions and the media , and local communities. Also, the model does not include political factors. Starting from Porters five forces 0.4 gallery contains a full description of the environment task. Strategic collection of information on external stakeholders for a variety of purposes, many of which are clear and self. If you run a hotel, for example, it makes sense to follow the preferences frequent guests to meet their needs more effectively. Also, you must study competitors to search for innovations in products and services, processes and strategies. In fact, it can come excellent ideas from stakeholders, almost any. Industries, hotels and restaurants clearly adept at this aspect of environmental monitoring task. Analysis is an important one to assess the impact of competitive, which stems from economic power and political power . Stakeholders with a strong influence big competitiveness requires more attention in the strategic planning process of doing this with less impact. And more powerful and stakeholders in the largest influence on the identification of strategies and more, you must try to anticipate the reactions that entity to any changes that may look. Stakeholders strong attractive candidates for partnerships. and the end of this section includes a table that displays the tactics that your company can be considered to establish partnerships with a variety of stakeholders (see Chart 5). Economic Power The influence of external stakeholders on the companys ability to compete is partly a result of the economic power which has stakeholders. As Porter pointed out, economic power gives stakeholders the ability to extract profits or other benefits at the expense of the Company subject. the first column in Gallery 4 examples of factors that give the different stakeholders of economic power. For the purposes of illustration, and will touch briefly on some of these factors to Walamlae, suppliers, competitors and trade unions. Customers and suppliers of power. There are a few of the customers with the company exposed to the risk of losing significant revenue and should be one client leave. Such a situation gives the clients economic strength. In general, customers are relatively strong, if a few or if they make large purchases. By the suppliers of the same vein, tend to be a great economic power if there is a hack only a small number of suppliers that provide precise type of commodity or service that is required. It is also a strong if there is a high level of differentiation across suppliers, or if you were not particularly concerned about the sale for you because you were not wide range of customers for them. Rival power. Competitors have economic power based on their ability to compete. May be players with strong resource bases are disproportionately to be aggressive and create strong competition. It is important to determine the nature of competition in all markets, as well as the industry as a whole. Competition in some key markets hotel pricing, for example, while in other cases it may be brand differentiation. In other markets is still the key to success is to identify the characteristics of the hotel near Qaim. He called the case of companies that have multiple properties in different markets and compete often against some of the same companies in many markets, and multi-point competition. In that case, it is important to assess the effects of strategic moves in one market responses to a potential competitor in other markets. The labor force. Greater economic power of trade unions when the work is a high degree of organization. Trade unions and the enormous economic influence in Germany, for example. The nature of the trade union work-related (such as strikes and slowdowns) also gives the economic power of trade unions, which may be exercised during contract negotiations. To some extent, and the size of the EU budget is also a factor in the power that it possesses. Unions can be large, big-budget to participate in activities to protect its members.

Dimensional Argument Against the Snowball Earth Hypothesis :: essays research papers

A most recent inquiry into climatic change during the ice age and it's possibility of reoccurring is the Snowball Earth Hypothesis advanced by Paul Hoffman of Harvard University. Snowball Earth Suggest that before the Ice age, continents ice free at the poles enhanced the reabsorption of carbon dioxide through erosion of silicate minerals, reducing the greenhouse effect making the earth colder until it reached a runaway point. This effect is Hoffman calls albedo, when the atmosphere becomes so cold it can never warm up again. This is what occurred during the ice age, until volcano activity saturated the atmosphere with carbon dioxide to a point that it trapped radiation from the Sun and rewarmed the climate causing glacial thaw. Evidence of this event is cap carbonates that show relative dating at the ice age, found in abundance in several different world regions, at certain levels the cap carbonates would indicate if carbon dioxide was emitted into the atmosphere, by showing carbon levels that would demonstrate how much photosynthesis was occurring. Iron rich rock deposits indicate that absents of oxcidation would mean the atmosphere contain no oxygen, without oxygen their is no life, therefore other evidence of total extinction. So experts dispute the oceans were encased beneath a kilometer thick sheet of ice sheet, or that all life became extinct. The evidence of the Snowball effect is challenged that levels of carbon had not reached those required to satisfy the model and that alternative models are possible to explain the arrival and conclusion of the ice age. Iron had not oxidized because the glacials prevented contact with the atmosphere that would of subjected these rocks to mechanical weathering. The Snowball Earth Hypothesis bases its theory on an invalid model of earth at that time. Ancient earth of the Proterozoic 750 million years ago existed in a separate dimension then what the model is based upon. There wasn't much of an ocean completely beneath a glacial sheet of ice a kilometer thick. The plate tectonic model of pangaea locates it with Antarctica, this shifts the planetary land of the continents to one hemisphere and connects it with already glacial covered Antarctica. So rather than ice on the ocean around the Antarctica, the glaciation would be linked on pangaea surface; wouldn't this detrital effect sort of conduct the refrigeration and branch out the glacial even further into the continent, instead of a lack of CO2, temperature variation occurs from extended glacial mass that colds everything within reach of its frost thermal gradient, slightly different sort of albedo than Snowball Earth describes.